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A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such . Marine erosion creates distinctive coastal landforms and contributes to coastal landscapes. Sloping, low-angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope. As the stream flows down the cliff, fluvial erosion (surface run off erosion(will attack the saturated permeable bed and lower impermeable stratum, reducing the angle of the cliff profile. Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Loose material can slide down the bedding planes making the cliff unstable & dangerous. What geological features influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Rainwater infiltrates the cliff through unconsolidated, porous material (e.g. There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. The ice applies pressure and breaks the stone. q_Rv")X&Vh.`^p _O$en$Ic:t]c6@ The material can come from cliffs made of chalk or limestone, and calcium carbonate is carried along in the mixture. 2 Q Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. 4 Rock falls are a very sudden type of mass movement. As waves continue their relentless attack upon the base of the cliff, the size of the overhang increases until the weight of the rock above can no longer be supported and a section of the cliff collapses. They are typically made up of bedding planes (layers) with joints (vertical cracks). Over time thewave-cut notchwill develop into a cave. They can be quick occasions, for example, avalanches and rockfalls or they can be moderate processes, soil creeps. Wave action and weathering create a notch at the high water mark. What is the location and importance of Mumbai? The lithology of a coastline affects how quickly its eroded. Can the risks of volcanic eruptions be reduced? Folded rocks: Often heavily fissured and jointed, meaning they are more easily eroded. Faults are major features in rocks produced by tectonic forces and involve displacement of rocks on either side of the fault line. Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. The image below shows this. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Waves tend to break earlier before they can erode the base of the cliff. Joints occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. As the cliff collapses a layer of flat rock is left behind called awave cut platform. The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Rock types, such as limestone and granite, and structure (jointing and bedding) control the cliff profile. Erosion rates vary depending on a variety of factors. Carbonic corrosive, formed from rainwater and carbon dioxide, will react with calcium carbonate in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate. Because the soft rock is exposed, it is eroded faster than the hard rock. Erosional landforms - Coastal landforms - AQA - GCSE Geography - BBC What is a dip? What factors affect population density and distribution? Profile may exceed 90 degrees producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls. As waves approach a coastline they lose energy though because friction with the seabed increases. What does scenery formed by erosion look like? Retrieved from https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. For example, repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock cracks weakens the rock. Solution: Weak acids present in ocean water can dissolve certain types of rock, such as chalk or limestone. Alternating layers of hard and soft rock allow the sea to erode the soft rock faster, forming a bay but leaving hard rock sticking out, known as a headland. /}0*gHtJTWzmg>ym The altering rate of erosion of hard and soft rock is known as differential erosion. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as the coast. mv"$9ezZ6Fm2f\M "Coastal Systems and Processes". Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. The image below shows a wave-cut platform formed at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. Processes of coastal erosion and weathering are responsible for shaping cliffs. The topography of a cliff plays a crucial role in determining the rate of erosion. Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. ]X^`T\lq\v7bf_l*Fk?]>1-qne Uw[L6n h]NP?cSc78]-[YH477@=N1l}#6Gww|[ The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. The soft rock is less resistant than the hard rock so it is eroded faster. Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. Coastlines erode at different rates due to geology, destructive or constructive waves amongst many other causes. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. As the bay develops, wave refraction around the headlands begins to occur, increasing erosion of the headlands but reducing the erosion and development of the bay due to a loss of wave energy. Over time the crack will erode further, as the result of erosional processes such as hydraulic action. How are Nigerias trading and political relationships changing? The angle these bands make with the coastline makes it either a concordant or discordant coastline. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. What is the Demographic Transition Model? The boundaries of sediment cells are determined by the geography and state of the coastline. Melting of ice sheets + caps meant wave energy actions occur higher up the shore and cliff and beach profiles adjust as a result. CIE A Level Geography An idealised horizontally bedded cliff. How have animals adapted to the rainforest environment? Bays are more sheltered with constructive waves which deposit sediment to. This is a type of Biological Weathering. What is the site and situation of a settlement? In this case, Portland limestone has been eroded at several points, allowing the underlying sandstone mud to easily erode into a cove. WJEC GCSE Geography Past Papers, The essentials of coastal systems and processes, Geography Cliff Profiles and Bedding Planes, Constructive and destructive wave illustration. How does geology affect the formation of river landforms? How is demand for energy changing in the UK? Marine Erosion Processes And Erosional Coastal Landforms. (2019). As a consequence of cliff retreat another landform. Why are deserts located along the tropics? Sustainable Management of the Tropical Rainforest, Sustainable Management of the Amazon Rainforest. On a discordant coastline, alternating layers of hard and soft rock are perpendicular to the coast. The process is illustrated in the diagram below. This means that the bathymetry (the underwater elevation) of the ocean or sea bed also impacts the strength of waves. Cliff profiles Flashcards by Maciej Zagdan | Brainscape Droops happen because of a mix of components. However, in reality, it is unlikely that sediment cells are completely closed, with variations in wind direction and tidal flows. These coasts are drift-aligned and associated with the longshore transportation of sediment. It produces sloping cliffs between 5 and 20metre high. Cliff profiles are influenced by a range of factors. Coastal geomorphology: An introduction. Edexcel A Level Geography 3 Exposed rock faces can be broken up by ice, or heat and cold. Where erosion excavates enough material along joint or bedding plane , a steep-sided inlet may be formed called a geo. Horizontal beds produce steep cliffs with notches where differential erosion has taken place. The outer hard rock (for example,granite) provides a protective barrier to erosion of the softer rocks (for example,clays) further inland. What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. It extends 61km from Flamborough in the north to Spurn Point in the south. water percolating comes into contact with a large surface area that can be chemically weathered. On the other hand, bedding planes that tilt upwards (C) have a cliff shape that mirrors the angle of the tilt. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Sub-aerial processes allude to the processes of weathering and mass movement. A The resistance to erosion of the rock. See image below for an example of a low cliff on the Suffolk coast. Where the coasts has the same type of rock along its length fewer bays and headlands are formed as the rate of erosion tends to be similar. A cliff profile is the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave-cut notches or changes in slope angle. Sedimentary rock, such as the chalk cliffs located at Flamborough, Holderness Coast, are more resistant to erosion. Less resistant (soft) rock erodes quickly, forming gentle sloping cliffs. How reliable are economic indicators of development? _}qK>_*uz/]jO+NAU}r Landforms of Erosion | A Level Geography The angle the beds dip at affects how they are eroded and the profile of the resulting cliffs. They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop? A wave-cut platform is a wide, gently sloping surface found at the cliffs base and extends into the sea. A cliff profile is the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave-cut notches or changes in slope angle. A cliff profile is a cross section of the cliff from mean low water mark to the top of the cliff. Weathering also plays a role in the rate of erosion by creating weaknesses in rocks that are exploited by the processes of erosion. Find out about the process of longshore drift. Waves attack the base of the newly exposed rock faces. Notice the erosion taking place at the base of the cliff. What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio? A waves strength is controlled by its fetch and the wind speed. 3.6: Drawing Contour Lines and Topographic Profiles Constructive waves have low wave height and high frequency with low frequency, between 6 and 8 waves per minute. View the coasts menu. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. This can alter the arrangement of layers in cliff shapes. Influence on the Natural Greenhouse Effect. Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. A concordant coastline. Weak tidal flows and a small tidal range will decide the shape and degree of stream deltas just as the size of seashore profiles. OCR GCSE Geography, AQA A Level Geography The rocks resistance to erosion and the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. A case study of a sparsely populated area Himalayan Mountains, A case study of a densely populated area Greater London. Jamaica Case Study, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Shallow-angled, vegetated cliffs they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle) Water accumulates in the permeable layer, producing a saturated layer where the pores are full of water. Headlands and bays, such as Swanage Bay, form on discordant coastlines, where hard and soft rock run in layers at 90 to the water. The processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition within the coastal zone are largely contained within sediment cells or littoral cells.